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AI and jobs by sector

How exposed each industry's jobs are to AI, from the jobs people there actually do.

Every industry is a mix of jobs. A hospital employs nurses and surgeons, but also receptionists, cleaners and billing clerks. This page scores each sector by the jobs its people actually do, so you can see the industries most affected by AI and how much of the work in retail, banking, software or hospitals still needs a person.

Across all jobs the average Still needs a human score is 74.0. The 38 sectors and sub-sectors below run from 59.8 to 80.0.

Every sector

#SectorAverage scoreWorkers in jobs scoring under 60WorkersLargest jobBusinesses using AI
1Nursing homes and assisted livingpart of Health care and social assistance80.01.2%2,550,695Nursing Assistants24.1%
2Restaurantspart of Accommodation and food services79.90.2%11,000,494Fast Food and Counter Workers9.2%
3Warehousing and storagepart of Transportation and warehousing79.72.3%1,856,606Stockers and Order Fillers10.4%
4Accommodation and food services79.60.6%14,107,295Fast Food and Counter Workers9.2%
5Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting79.51.6%1,353,204Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse–
6Auto repairpart of Other services79.22.6%1,032,598Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics12.6%
7Construction78.22.7%8,221,709Construction Laborers14.7%
8Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas78.21.8%560,798Service Unit Operators, Oil and Gas7.7%
9Hotels and motelspart of Accommodation and food services78.12.4%1,814,786Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners9.2%
10Transportation and warehousing77.64.5%6,604,003Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers10.4%
11Truckingpart of Transportation and warehousing77.12.2%1,473,506Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers10.4%
12Ecommerce and online retailpart of Retail tradeour grouping77.010.7%4,856,525Stockers and Order Fillers15.9%
13Manufacturing76.64.4%12,409,001Team Assemblers20.4%
14Health care and social assistance76.22.1%24,267,306Registered Nurses24.1%
15Administrative, support, and waste services75.79.7%8,745,202Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners20.8%
16Other services75.63.4%6,355,901Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners12.6%
17Hospitalspart of Health care and social assistance75.52.7%6,773,603Registered Nurses24.1%
18Arts, entertainment, and recreation75.35.0%2,627,996Amusement and Recreation Attendants19.1%
19Dentists' officespart of Health care and social assistance75.20.9%1,044,298Dental Assistants24.1%
20Elementary and secondary schoolspart of Education74.80.3%8,832,795Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education33.9%
21Car dealershipspart of Retail trade73.75.6%1,264,809Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics15.9%
22Government73.52.7%11,128,596Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers–
23Retail trade73.44.5%15,346,403Retail Salespersons15.9%
24Utilities73.18.0%595,199Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers15.4%
25Education72.61.4%14,322,695Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education33.9%
26Pharmacies and drugstorespart of Retail trade72.22.7%669,597Pharmacy Technicians15.9%
27Real estate, rental, and leasing71.74.6%2,401,504Maintenance and Repair Workers, General28.8%
28Wholesale trade70.820.9%5,966,297Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products19.0%
29Law firmspart of Professional, scientific, and technical services68.92.1%1,201,500Lawyers41.0%
30Professional, scientific, and technical services66.713.0%10,700,398Software Developers41.0%
31Management of companies66.015.1%2,576,297General and Operations Managers28.7%
32Information, media, and telecommunications65.420.9%2,822,194Software Developers44.9%
33Accounting, tax, and payroll firmspart of Professional, scientific, and technical services64.015.1%1,102,902Accountants and Auditors41.0%
34Bankingpart of Finance and insurance63.826.2%2,028,407Tellers37.6%
35Finance and insurance63.326.7%6,667,703Customer Service Representatives37.6%
36Insurancepart of Finance and insurance63.323.4%2,985,597Insurance Sales Agents37.6%
37Software and IT servicespart of Information, media, and telecommunications63.022.5%3,021,904Software Developers44.9%
38Call centers and business supportpart of Administrative, support, and waste services59.849.8%622,899Customer Service Representatives20.8%

Columns: the sector’s average score (higher is safer), the share of its workers in jobs scoring under 60, its workers, its largest job, and the share of its businesses using AI (Census Bureau; sub-sectors show their whole sector’s figure).

Least and most exposed

Least exposed:

  1. Nursing homes and assisted living: 80.0
  2. Restaurants: 79.9
  3. Warehousing and storage: 79.7
  4. Accommodation and food services: 79.6
  5. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting: 79.5

Most exposed:

  1. Call centers and business support: 59.8
  2. Software and IT services: 63.0
  3. Insurance: 63.3
  4. Finance and insurance: 63.3
  5. Banking: 63.8

What a sector score means

A sector’s score is the average score of its jobs, weighted by how many people do each job there. It describes the sector’s mix of work, not how its employers use AI: two sectors with the same jobs get the same score. The share of businesses using AI, from the Census Bureau’s survey, shows how much they actually do. The two often run in opposite directions: information and finance have the most exposed work and the most businesses already using AI.

Method

  1. Take each industry’s employment by occupation from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ National Employment Matrix (2025), which covers wage and salary jobs.
  2. Weight each job’s Still needs a human score by its workers in the industry, and average.
  3. Some pages combine or narrow official industries: restaurants exclude caterers and bars; software combines software publishers and IT services; call centers cover all business support services, because call centers alone are not published. Each page says so.
  4. “Ecommerce” is our own grouping of the retail, warehouse, delivery and online-selling jobs behind online shopping, because official figures no longer separate it.
  5. Every figure updates automatically when our job scores change.

Related

Sources